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1.南京工业大学岩土工程研究所, 江苏 南京 210009
2.江苏省土木工程防震技术研究中心, 江苏 南京 210009
3.Emeritus College, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
Received:01 May 2025,
Revised:2025-05-09,
Published:28 December 2025
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陈国兴,吴琪,Charng Hsein JUANG.砂土液化不变性理论[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2025,45(06):1311-1370.
CHEN Guoxing,WU Qi,JUANG Charng Hsein.Invariance Theory of Sand Liquefaction under Cyclic Loadings[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2025,45(06):1311-1370.
陈国兴,吴琪,Charng Hsein JUANG.砂土液化不变性理论[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2025,45(06):1311-1370. DOI: 10.13409/j.cnki.jdpme.20250501002.
CHEN Guoxing,WU Qi,JUANG Charng Hsein.Invariance Theory of Sand Liquefaction under Cyclic Loadings[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2025,45(06):1311-1370. DOI: 10.13409/j.cnki.jdpme.20250501002.
由于地震动和海浪的随机性、可液化土的多样性以及砂土液化机制的复杂性,当前对液化机理、多因素影响下超静孔隙水压力(
u
e
)的增长规律及液化触发准则等基础问题仍存在争议。陈国兴等基于数十年的研究,提出了砂土液化不变性理论。该理论揭示了循环加载下可液化土的状态阈值不变性及控制循环行为与固‑液相变的内在规律不变性,构建了基于物理力学关联不变性的场地液化评价的普适新范式。该理论包括以下四方面:(1)对初始物理状态确定的可液化土,门槛广义剪应变是区分土的非线性弹性与弹塑性状态的本征指标,其值为定值。单位体积累积耗散能(
W
c
)与广义剪应变幅值(
γ
ga
)之间服从幂律关系,体现了本构行为的物理不变性;(2)土颗粒‑组构系统的演化是可液化土中
u
e
增长的基本物理力学机制,其伴生的土的物理状态改变是驱动
u
e
增长的内因,且不同循环加载下
u
e
增长速率的差异主要源自剪应变率的差异。固‑液混合相向液相转变的边际峰值孔压比(
r
u
,pm
)兼具力学与物理双重不变性。
r
u
,pm
= 0.90可作为室内单元试验和现场土的液化触发判据。单元体循环应力比(USR)与液化触发(相应
r
u
,pm
= 0.90)所需循环次
数(
N
clt
)呈负幂律关系,构成固‑液混合相与液相的相变阈值线。USR‑
N
clt
曲线仅取决于可液化土的初始状态;(3)等效骨架孔隙比可作为粒状土物理状态的单变量表征指标。当细颗粒含量低于其阈值时,其与15次循环抗液化强度及应力修正的剪切波速呈负幂律关系。基于此,构建了基于物理状态指标的场地液化评价的普适新范式;(4)以广义剪应变作为等效剪应变(
γ
eq
)指标,以增量Δ
γ
eq
= 0作为所构建的广义非Masing非线性滞回本构模型的加/卸载判据。该应变反转判据与应力‑应变的滞回路径无关。最大剪切模量与极(最大、最小)孔隙比的物理关联性具有不变的数学形式。宽应变范围的等效割线剪切模量与阻尼比可通过剪应力/应变的自/互相关函数提取,其算法兼具数学形式与物理机制的不变性。峰值孔压比
r
u
p
与
γ
ga
存在普适性关联形式;基于物理的峰值孔压增量(Δ
u
ep
)模型呈现本构行为‑数学形式‑循环加载条件的三重不变性。广义非Masing本构模型与Δ
u
ep
模型的耦合形构成新的有效应力本构模型。提出了两种基于
u
e
的场地液化评价的通用新方法:基于
r
u
p
模型的总应力法和基于Δ
u
ep
模型的有效应力法。该理论可为科学界与工程界重新诠释液化机制、改进液化评价范式及制定液化灾害防控策略提供统一的理论基础。
Due to the uncertainties in seismic motions and storm waves
the diversity of liquefiable soils
and the complexity of sand liquefaction mechanisms
fundamental issues such as fundamental physico-mechanical mechanisms behind excess pore water pressure (
u
e
) generation in a liquefiable soil
the collective effects of multifactorial interactions on ue generation
and liquefaction triggering criteria remain unclear. Based on decades of studies
Chen et al. proposed an invariance theory of sand liquefaction
incorporating invariant state thresholds and intrinsic laws governing cyclic behavior and solid-liquid phase-transitions
which lead to a universal paradigm for site liquefaction evaluation rooted in invariant physical and mechanical correlations. This novel theory of sand liquefaction mainly includes the following four aspects. (1) For a liquefiable soil at a specific initial physical state
the threshold generalized shear strain is an intrinsic index that distinguishes nonlinear elastic and elastoplastic states
with a constant value. A power-law relationship
is observed between cumulative dissipated energy per unit volume (
W
c
) and generalized shear strain amplitude (
γ
ga
)
reflecting the invariance in constitutive behavior. (2) The evolution of soil particle-fabric system governs ue generation in liquefiable soils through physico-mechanical mechanisms
with physical state changes serving as the intrinsic mechanism driving
u
e
generation. Differences in
u
e
generation rates under various cyclic loadings primarily stem from corresponding differences in shear strain rates. The marginal peak excess pore pressure ratio (
r
u
pm
)
marking the transition from a solid-liquid mixed phase to a transiently viscous fluid phase
exhibits dual invariance in mechanics and physics. A
r
u
pm
value of 0.90 can be used as a liquefaction triggering criterion for soils both in laboratory element tests and field conditions. The relationship between USR (unit cyclic stress ratio) and
N
clt
(number of cycles required to trigger liquefaction defined by
r
u
pm
=0.90) follows a negative power-law
thereby forming the threshold state line between the solid-liquid mixed phase and the liquid phase. This USR-
N
clt
curve depends solely on the initial state of the soil. (3) The equivalent skeleton void ratio (
<math id="M1"><msubsup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">*</mi></mrow></msubsup></math>
https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=97755925&type=
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3.47133350
3.97933316
) serves as a single-variable proxy for the physical state of granular soils. For soils with fines particle content below a threshold
negative power-laws exist in the correlations between liquefaction resistance (CRR
15
or URR
15
) in 15 cycles and
<math id="M2"><msubsup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">*</mi></mrow></msubsup></math>
https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=97755925&type=
https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=97755908&type=
3.47133350
3.97933316
and between the stress-corrected shear-wave velocity (
V
s1
) and
<math id="M3"><msubsup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">*</mi></mrow></msubsup></math>
https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=97755925&type=
https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=97755908&type=
3.47133350
3.97933316
. Based on the principle of mapping transitivity
a unique correspondence between CRR
15
and
V
s1
i.e.
liquefaction triggering curve
can be established through the index
<math id="M4"><msubsup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">*</mi></mrow></msubsup></math>
https://html.publish.founderss.cn/rc-pub/api/common/picture?pictureId=97755925&type=
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3.47133350
3.97933316
indicating a novel and universal paradigm for site liquefaction potential evaluation. (4) The generalized shear strain serves as an equivalent shear strain (
γ
eq
) proxy for reflecting the 2D and 3D stress-strain state. A shear strain reversal at the irregular stress-strain loops of cycles in the Chen et al.'s generalized non-Masing
nonlinear
and hysteretic constitutive model of soil will occur when the incremental shear strain Δ
γ
eq
=0. This strain reversal criterion is independent of the stress-strain hysteretic paths. The physical correlation between the maximum shear modulus and the extreme (maximum and minimum) void ratios exhibits an invariant mathematical form. Equivalent secant shear modulus and damping ratio across a wide strain range can be calculated through the shear stress/strain autocorrelation/cross-correlation functions
with algorithms invariant in mathematical form and physical mechanism. The physics-based model for the peak pore pressure increment (Δ
u
ep
) demonstrates triple invariance in constitutive behavior
mathematical form
and cyclic loading conditions. A universal correlation links the
peak pore pressure ratio (
r
u
p
) to
γ
ga
. The coupling of the Chen et al.'s non-Masing constitutive model and the Chen et al.'s Δ
u
ep
model yields a novel effective stress-strain constitutive model of soil. Consequently
two novel universal site liquefaction potential evaluation methods are established: a total stress method (
r
u
p
model-based) and an effective stress method (Δ
u
ep
model-based). The invariance theory provides a unified basis for refining liquefaction mechanisms
improving evaluation methodologies
and advancing mitigation strategies in geotechnical earthquake engineering. The insights derived from decades of research
as reported in this study
will potentially enable the scientific and engineering communities to reinterpret the liquefaction mechanism
its evaluation paradigms
and liquefaction mitigation strategies.
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