EC3 Part 1-1 Chapter 5 [1] allows engineers to use a suite of advanced finite element analysis software to analyze and design steel structures

namely

linear elastic

rigid-plastic and second-order elastic-plastic global analysis.These three broadly different types of analysis can incorporate simple

semi-continuous and continuous joint models [2].In terms of stiffness

the joint models can be nominally pinned

semi-rigid or rigid and in terms of strength

they can be classified as nominally pinned

partial-strength or full-strength.While the majority of engineering problems only require linear elastic analysis

there are some special structures that may require advanced analysis to reduce construction cost

for example

in the design of low-rise unbraced steel framed structures.In this context

the incorporation of semi-continuous joints（with semi-rigid and partial-strength characteristics） into frame analysis can significantly enhance structural stiffness and strength against sway arising from notional horizontal loads

wind loads

global imperfections or seismic action.This is so that the computed lateral drift under governing horizontal loads may be acceptable within the EC 3 stipulations.In the context of performance-based approach for some fire scenarios

structural fire engineers may want to utilize the inherent stiffness and strength of steel joints

particularly for steel structures with end-plate joints

which is the most common form of steel construction.The end plates may range from partial-depth

flush to extended end plates

covering nominally-pinned

semi-rigid and fully rigid joint models.This paper presents a series of numerical and analytical investigations to study the behavior of end plate joints at elevated temperatures.Applying a "component-based" methodology

the mechanical response of these joints at elevated temperatures has been formulated

incorporating the beam web shear component

and the tension and compression zones of the connection.The component-based approach can consider the effect from thermal restraint on steel joints.Finite element simulations of the steel end plate joint tests were also performed and both the component-based and numerical finite element predictions provide acceptable correlations with the test behavior

including the effect of thermal restraint.