1.南京工业大学岩土工程研究所, 江苏 南京 210009
2.江苏省土木工程防震技术研究中心, 江苏 南京 210009
3.Emeritus College, Clemson University, SC 29634, USA
陈国兴(1963—),男,教授,博士。主要从事土动力学与岩土地震工程研究。E-mail: gxc6307@163.com
收稿:2026-01-17,
修回:2026-02-09,
纸质出版:2026-04-28
移动端阅览
陈国兴,方怡,吴双兰等.深厚软土非线性地震效应:震害启示、百年认知与未来挑战[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2026,46(02):211-290.
CHEN Guoxing,FANG Yi,WU Shuanglan,et al.Nonlinear Site Effects in Deep Soft Deposits: A Century of Observations, Insights, and Future Challenges[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2026,46(02):211-290.
陈国兴,方怡,吴双兰等.深厚软土非线性地震效应:震害启示、百年认知与未来挑战[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2026,46(02):211-290. DOI: 10.13409/j.cnki.jdpme20260117003.
CHEN Guoxing,FANG Yi,WU Shuanglan,et al.Nonlinear Site Effects in Deep Soft Deposits: A Century of Observations, Insights, and Future Challenges[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2026,46(02):211-290. DOI: 10.13409/j.cnki.jdpme20260117003.
局部场地条件会显著改变地震动特性,尤其是深厚软土场地放大效应,是加剧结构破坏并可能导致大城市巨灾的关键因素。本文系统阐述了场地地震效应的典型宏观现象与启示、百年认知及科学挑战。首先,基于旧金山湾区(1906年
M
W
7.8和1989年
M
W
6.9地震)、墨西哥城盆地(1985年
M
W
8.1和20
17年
M
W
7.1地震)、渭河盆地(2008年汶川
M
S
8.0地震)及东京湾区(如1923年
M
W
7.9与2011年
M
W
9.1地震)等典型深厚软土沉积区的宏观震害现象与强地震动记录,揭示了深软场地地震效应非线性放大的共性特征,包括长周期地震动的显著放大、强震动持时的明显延长、场地‑结构双重共振以及盆地边缘效应等。其次,系统阐述了场地反应分析方法及相应软件的演进脉络,从一维频域等效线性方法到时域非线性方法(总应力与有效应力法),再到复杂的二维/三维非线性波动数值模拟方法,评述了各类方法的理论基础、基于竖井台站记录的验证及适用性。最后,针对我国海河平原、长江三角洲等极厚软土区城市群所面临的潜在极端地震风险,指出了当前研究亟待突破的三大基础性问题:有效表征极深厚软土强非线性行为的本构模型,合理表征区域尺度极深厚软土复杂场地空间变异性及相关参数不确定性的数值模型构建方法,以及高效高精度的二维和三维非线性波动模拟方法。攻克这些难题,对于深化场地地震效应的科学认知,发展城市地震韧性理论,并有效防控未来大震巨灾风险,具有至关重要的科学与工程意义。
Local site conditions
particularly those involving thick sedimentary layers that are susceptible to the amplification effects
can significantly modify seismic ground motions
often exacerbating structural damage and posing catastrophic risks to major cities. To advance risk assessment and mitigation for future mega-earthquakes
this paper presents a systematic and critical review of the global observations and insights from the past century on nonlinear site effects in deep soft soil deposits. It focuses on the evolution
current state
and persistent challenges in site response analysis methodologies. First
drawing on macroseismic site effect phenomena and strong-motion records from regions such as the San Francisco Bay Area (1906
M
W
7.8 and 1989
M
W
6.9 earthquakes)
the Mexico City Basin (1985
M
W
8.1 and 2017
M
W
7.1 earthquakes)
the Weihe Basin (2008 Wenchuan
M
S
8.0 earthquake)
and the Tokyo Bay Area (e.g.
1923
M
W
7.9 and 2011
M
W
9.1 earthquakes)
we reveal characteristic features of nonlinear site amplification in deep alluvial plains and sedimentary basins. These include pronounced amplification of long-period ground motions from far-field large earthquakes
prolongation of
strong shaking
site-structure double resonance effect
and basin-edge effects
among others. Next
we outline the development of site response analysis methods and corresponding software
from one-dimensional frequency-domain equivalent linear analysis to time-domain nonlinear methods (total stress and effective stress approaches)
and further to complex two- and three-dimensional nonlinear wave propagation simulations. The theoretical principles
validation against downhole array recordings
applicability
and limitations of these approaches are extensively discussed. Finally
considering potential extreme earthquake risks facing metropolitan regions in China's alluvial plains composed of deep soft soil deposits (e.g. the Haihe Plain and Yangtze River Delta)
we identify three fundamental issues: (1) constitutive models capable of capturing the strong nonlinear behavior of very deep soft soil deposits; (2) the construction of regional-scale numerical models that reasonably represent not only the inherent spatial variability of extremely deep
complex deposits
but also the associated parameter uncertainties; and (3) the development of efficient yet high-precision 2D and 3D nonlinear wave simulation methods. Addressing these challenges is crucial for deepening the fundamental understanding of site effects and establishing a robust scientific basis for enhancing urban seismic resilience against future mega-earthquakes.
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