1.南京工业大学岩土工程研究所, 江苏 南京 210009
2.北京工业大学城市建设学部,北京 100124
3.江苏省土木工程防震技术研究中心,江苏 南京 210009
吴琪(1991—),男,副教授,博士。主要从事混合料动力特性研究。E-mail:qw09061801@163.com
陈国兴(1963—),男,教授,博士。主要从事土动力学与岩土地震工程研究。E-mail:gxc6307@163.com
收稿:2022-01-07,
修回:2022-03-02,
纸质出版:2022-10-28
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吴琪,徐雨,陈国兴.我国近20年11次地震的土壤液化灾害回顾[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2022,42(05):961-975.
WU Qi,XU Yu,CHEN Guoxing.Review of Soil Liquefaction Manifestation and Its Consequences for 11 Earthquakes in China Over the Last 20 Years[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2022,42(05):961-975.
吴琪,徐雨,陈国兴.我国近20年11次地震的土壤液化灾害回顾[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2022,42(05):961-975. DOI: 10.13409/j.cnki.jdpme.20220107002.
WU Qi,XU Yu,CHEN Guoxing.Review of Soil Liquefaction Manifestation and Its Consequences for 11 Earthquakes in China Over the Last 20 Years[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2022,42(05):961-975. DOI: 10.13409/j.cnki.jdpme.20220107002.
土壤液化是地震灾害的主要原因之一。液化通常指地震引起的粒状土超静孔压增长及随后的软化现象。近年地震液化灾害在全球呈上升趋势。本文回顾了我国2003年新疆
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6.8级巴楚地震、2005年
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5.7级九江地震、2008年
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8.0级汶川地震、2010年
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7.1级玉树地震、2011年
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5.8级盈江地震、2014年
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6.6级景谷地震、2015年
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6.5级皮山地震、2016年
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6.7级高雄地震、2016年
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6.7级阿克陶地震、2018年
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5.7级松原地震及2020年
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6.4级伽师地震的典型液化现象及其地表特征,总结液化导致的地质灾害及其诱因,完善我国地震液化数据库。主要结论如下:(1)土壤液化主要沿等震线长轴方向分布,特别在河谷、湿地、堤坝及农田等高地下水位区易产生地震液化现象。液化迹象表现为地表喷水冒砂、地裂缝、塌陷、不均匀沉降等宏观现象;(2)沉积物喷出地表迹象包括单个砂孔、串状砂孔、线状砂孔、喷水冒砂条带等形式,泥水喷出物携裹黏土、粉土、砂土,砂砾,甚至卵石,导致校园操场/广场、农田、水井、管道和河道等破坏;(3)液化常导致路面、堤坝等开裂,路面裂缝多呈顺路向裂缝和路边裂缝,堤坝裂缝大多分布于坝顶及坝坡的纵向裂缝,呈剪切裂缝;(4)液化引起的地基沉降和侧移会导致浅基础建(构)筑物倾斜、变形甚至倒塌,挡土结构破坏,桥墩倾斜和移位,水利水电设施丧失功能;(5)汶川地震的液化场地在余震中发生二次液化现象,液化后土体抵抗再次液化的强度问题应予关注;(6)汶川地震及松原地震中发生低烈度区(Ⅵ烈度区)的土壤液化现象,汶川地震深层土壤液化、松原地震低水位土壤液化现象均超出现行规范规定的认识。
Soil liquefaction is a key reason of earthquake damage. Liquefaction refers to the phenomena of earthquake-induced generation of excess pore water pressures and consequent softening of saturated sandy soils. In recent years, the earthquake-induced liquefaction disasters have been increasing worldwide. The soil liquefaction manifestations and consequences of liquefaction are reviewed, including the 2003 Bachu
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6.8 earthquake, the 2005 Jiujiang
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5.7 earthquake, the 2008 Wenchuan
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8.0 earthquake, the 2010 Yushu
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7.1 earthquake, the 2011 Yingjiang
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5.8 earthquake, the 2014 Jinggu
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6.6 earthquake, the 2015 Pishan
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6.5 earthquake, the 2016 Gaoxiong
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6.7 earthquake, the 2016 Arketao
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6.7 earthquake, the 2018 Songyuan
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5.6 earthquake, and the 2020 Jiashi
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6.4 earthquake, in China. In addition, the seismic liquefaction-induced damages and corresponding reasons are summarized to update the soil liquefaction history case database. The main results are as follows: (1) The distribution of soil liquefaction manifestations is mainly along the long axis of the seismic intensity contours. Soil liquefaction is prone to occur in areas with high underground water levels, such as river valleys, wetlands, dykes and dams, and farmland. Surface manifestations of liquefaction include ejection of soil-water mixtures at the surface, ground failures (surface cracking, lateral spreading, settlement), landslides, slumping of embankments, etc. (2) The ejecting forms of soil-water mixtures include single hole, string holes, linear holes, ejection belts, etc. The soil ejections may contain clay, silt, sand and gravel particles, and cobbles. These can lead to damages of farmlands, playgrounds/squares, and river courses, as well as rupture or severing of sewer, water, fuel, and other buried lifelines. (3) The consequences of liquefaction can lead to cracking, sliding, and overtopping of dyke and dams, and highway embankments. Pavement cracks are mostly along the longitudinal axis and sides of a road, and most of the dyke and dam cracks are shear-induced longitudinal cracks in the dam crest and the downstream and upstream slopes. (4) The liquefaction-induced ground settlement and lateral spreading can cause tilt, distortion, and collapse of shallow-founded buildings and structures; buoyant uplift of buried structures, failure of earth-retaining structures; lateral slide and shear failure of piles and pier walls supporting bridges, water conservancy and hydropower facilities lose function. (5) The post-earthquake-induced liquefaction phenomenon in the liquefied site was discovered in the site investigation after the Bachu earthquake, and soil re-liquefaction during the aftershock was observed in the liquefied site during the Wenchuan great earthquake. Consequently, the re-liquefaction resistance of the post-liquefaction soil should be deserved further more attention. (6) The soil liquefaction phenomena in the low-intensity regions (intensity Ⅵ) in the Wenchuan great earthquake and the Songyuan earthquake, in the deep layer soils in the Wenchuan great earthquake, and in the low-water level soils in the Songyuan earthquake are beyond-existing seismic design code knowledges.
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