1.四川省文物考古研究院,四川 成都 610041
2.石窟寺保护与传承四川省文化和旅游厅重点实验室,四川 成都 610041
3.四川博物院,四川 成都 610071
4.南江县文物保护研究中心,四川 巴中 636699
尚雪健(1998—),女,硕士。主要从事岩土质文物保护研究。E-mail: SXJSXJ192410@163.com
刘建成(1990—),男,副研究馆员。主要从事岩土质保护研究。E-mail:liujc90@163.com
收稿:2025-12-25,
修回:2026-02-03,
纸质出版:2026-06-25
移动端阅览
尚雪健,刘建成,谢振斌等.石窟造像不当妆彩清理工艺与效果评估研究:以四川南江石飞河摩崖造像为例[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2026,46(03):492-505.
SHANG Xuejian,LIU Jiancheng,XIE Zhenbin,et al.Research on Cleaning Process and Effect Evaluation of Improper Repainting of Grotto Statues: A Case Study of Shifeihe Grotto Statues in Nanjiang County, Sichuan Province[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2026,46(03):492-505.
尚雪健,刘建成,谢振斌等.石窟造像不当妆彩清理工艺与效果评估研究:以四川南江石飞河摩崖造像为例[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2026,46(03):492-505. DOI: 10.13409/j.cnki.jdpme.20251225002.
SHANG Xuejian,LIU Jiancheng,XIE Zhenbin,et al.Research on Cleaning Process and Effect Evaluation of Improper Repainting of Grotto Statues: A Case Study of Shifeihe Grotto Statues in Nanjiang County, Sichuan Province[J].Journal of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering,2026,46(03):492-505. DOI: 10.13409/j.cnki.jdpme.20251225002.
近年来,四川偏远地区中小石窟造像不当妆彩常有发生。以2023年被当地群众不当妆彩与局部重塑的南江石飞河摩崖造像为例,为清除造像表面遮盖力强、透气性差、颜色艳丽且外观极不协调的不当妆彩与重塑层,恢复造像的原貌以展示其真实的价值信息,通过现场调查、取样分析及现场试验等研究不当妆彩与重塑层的成分、结构及制作工艺,采用物理、化学、热蒸汽、超声振动等4种方法展开清理试验,并评估不同方法的清理效果。结果表明:石飞河摩崖造像妆彩颜料以丙烯酸有机合成颜料为主,厚度约0.01~0.2 mm,妆彩方法主要为喷涂和刷涂,喷涂颜料薄厚不均、表面有颗粒感、边缘有明显的散射现象,刷涂颜料显微结构更致密、透水性差且眩光明显;重塑材料为无水硫酸钙和二水合硫酸钙为主的石膏粉,其硬度较低,与造像表面存在空隙。对妆彩颜料以化学清理为主,而重塑层以超声振动清理为主,再辅以物理清理和热蒸汽清理的复合清除工艺具有最佳效果,且不会损伤造像本体。该案例为其它石窟造像近现代不当妆彩的清理保护与效果评估提供了可借鉴的方法。
In recent years
improper repainting of small- and medium-sized grotto statues has frequently occurred in remote areas of Sichuan Province. Taking the Shifeihe Grotto Statues in Nanjiang County
which were improperly repainted and partially reshaped by local people in 2023
as an example
this study investigated the composition
structure
and fabrication techniques of the improper repainting and reshaped layers through field investigation
sample analysis
and on-site tests in order to remove the improper repainting and reshaped layers
which had strong covering power
poor air permeability
bright colors
and highly discordant appearance
and to restore the original appearance of the statues so that their authentic value could be presented. Four methods
namely physical cleaning
chemical cleaning
hot-steam cleaning
and ultrasonic vibration cleaning
were used for cleaning tests
and the cleaning effects of different methods were evaluated. The results showed that the repainting pigments on the Shifeihe Grotto Statues were mainly acrylic synthetic pigments with a thickness of about 0.01-0.2 mm. The repainting was mainly applied by spraying and brushing. The sprayed pigments were uneven in thickness
had a granular surface
and showed obvious scattering at the edges
whereas the brushed pigments had a denser microstructure
poor water permeability
and obvious glare. The reshaping material was gypsum powder mainly composed of anhydrous calcium sulfate and calcium sulfate dihydrate
which had low hardness and interfacial gaps with the statue surface. A combined cleaning process using chemical cleaning as the main method for the repainting pigments and ultrasonic vibration cleaning as the main method for the reshaped layer
supplemented by physical cleaning and hot-steam cleaning
achieved the optimal effect without damaging the statues. This case provides a reference method for the cleaning
conservation
and effect evaluation of modern improper repainting on other grotto statues.
郭建波 , 韩明 , 关明 , 等 . 四川地区石窟造像近现代妆彩调查与分析研究 [J]. 石窟与土遗址保护研究 , 2022 , 1 ( 3 ): 18 - 33 .
Guo J B , Han M , Guan M , et al . Research on the modern repainting of the sculptures in the cave temples in Sichuan [J]. Research on the Conservation of Cave Temples and Earthen Sites , 2022 , 1 ( 3 ): 18 - 33 . (in Chinese)
巴中市文物局 , 四川大学考古文博学院 , 西安碑林博物馆 , 等 . 四川省南江县石飞河摩崖造像调查简报 [J]. 南方民族考古 , 2023 ( 25 ): 120 - 136 .
Bazhong City Bureau of Cultural Relics, School of Archaeology and Museology, Sichuan University, Xi'an Beilin Museum, et al . Preliminary report of shifeihe cliff carvings in Nanjiang County, Sichuan Province [J]. Southern Ethnology and Archaeology , 2023 ( 25 ): 120 - 136 . (in Chinese)
张景科 , 谷留杨 , 李黎 , 等 . 石窟寺岩体稳定性监测技术发展现状及展望 [J]. 工程地质学报 , 2024 , 32 ( 6 ): 1916 - 1934 .
Zhang J K , Gu L Y , Li L , et al . Development status and prospect of rock mass stability monitoring technology in grottoes temple [J]. Journal of Engineering Geology , 2024 , 32 ( 6 ): 1916 - 1934 . (in Chinese)
刁汉婷 , 仉文岗 , 王鲁琦 , 等 . 石窟岩体水致劣化机理与防治研究进展 [J]. 重庆大学学报 , 2024 , 47 ( 10 ): 1 - 24 .
Diao H T , Zhang W G , Wang L Q , et al . Research progress on mechanisms and prevention of water-induced deterioration of grotto rock mass in China [J]. Journal of Chongqing University , 2024 , 47 ( 10 ): 1 - 24 . (in Chinese)
王颖红 , 郭青林 , 杨善龙 , 等 . 风化砂岩石窟表面热响应及力学性能变化: 对砂岩石窟本体表层风化(劣化)评价的启示 [J]. 文物保护与考古科学 , 2024 , 36 ( 5 ): 8 - 16 .
Wang Y H , Guo Q L , Yang S L , et al . Surface thermal response and mechanical property changes of weathered sandstone rock-hewn cave temples: Implication for the evaluation of surface weathering (deterioration) [J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology , 2024 , 36 ( 5 ): 8 - 16 . (in Chinese)
石美风 , 陈刚 , 张秉坚 . 石质文物保护中的化学清洗技术 [J]. 文物保护与考古科学 , 2011 , 23 ( 1 ): 89 - 96 .
Shi M F , Chen G , Zhang B J . Review on chemical cleaning techniques for the conservation of historic stone relics [J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology , 2011 , 23 ( 1 ): 89 - 96 . (in Chinese)
Liu R Z , Zhang B J , Zhang H , et al . Deterioration of Yungang grottoes: Diagnosis and research [J]. Journal of Cultural Heritage , 2011 , 12 ( 4 ): 494 - 499 .
齐扬 . 云冈石窟砂岩文物表面污物激光清除机理及应用研究 [D]. 武汉 : 中国地质大学 , 2015 .
Qi Y . Study of mechanisms of laser cleaning of sandstone surface contaminants in Yungang grottoes and its applications [D]. Wuhan : China University of Geosciences , 2015 . (in Chinese)
王锋 , 韩化蕊 , 李迪 , 等 . 大理岩石刻文物黑色结壳清洗研究 [J]. 文物保护与考古科学 , 2024 , 36 ( 1 ): 65 - 73 .
Wang F , Han H R , Li D , et al . Study on the cleaning of black crusts on ancient marble carvings [J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology , 2024 , 36 ( 1 ): 65 - 73 . (in Chinese)
李万博 , 胡占勇 . 石质文物保护工程中汉白玉石材的清洗及保护 [J]. 建筑技术 , 2021 , 52 ( 6 ): 734 - 736 .
Li W B , Hu Z Y . Cleaning and protection of white marble stone in stone cultural relics protection project [J]. Architecture Technology , 2021 , 52 ( 6 ): 734 - 736 . (in Chinese)
朱博雅 , 胡东波 . 龙门石窟潜溪寺石刻造像表面清洗研究 [J]. 石窟寺研究 , 2010 ( 1 ): 244 - 267 .
Zhu B Y , Hu D B . The research on the cleaning of stone sculptures in Qianxisi cave at Longmen grottoes [J]. Studies of the Cave Temples , 2010 ( 1 ): 244 - 267 . (in Chinese)
荆海燕 , 蔡淋 . 意大利文物化学清洗方法在一件石像保护修复中的应用 [J]. 文博 , 2016 ( 3 ): 94 - 97 .
Jing H Y , Cai L . The application of the Italian chemical cultural relic cleaning method in the conservative restoration of a stone statue [J]. Relics and Museolgy , 2016 ( 3 ): 94 - 97 . (in Chinese)
郭箐 , 周双林 . 酶材料及凝胶对碑刻文物表面墨迹的清洗研究 [J]. 文物保护与考古科学 , 2023 , 35 ( 5 ): 57 - 65 .
Guo Q , Zhou S L . Study on the cleaning of ink marks on stone monuments by enzyme and gel [J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology , 2023 , 35 ( 5 ): 57 - 65 . (in Chinese)
Cappitelli F , Zanardini E , Ranalli G , et al . Improved methodology for bioremoval of black crusts on historical stone artworks by use of sulfate-reducing bacteria [J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 2006 , 72 ( 5 ): 3733 - 3737 .
Siano S , Agresti J , Cacciari I , et al . Laser cleaning in conservation of stone, metal, and painted artifacts: State of the art and new insights on the use of the Nd: YAG lasers [J]. Applied Physics A , 2012 , 106 ( 2 ): 419 - 446 .
齐扬 , 周伟强 , 赵林娟 . 石质文物表面有害污染物清除技术研究 [M]. 北京 : 电子工业出版社 , 2019 : 46 - 50 .
王昊 , 张碧健 . 水下石质文物原址保护空化射流清洗实验研究 [J]. 中国文化遗产 , 2021 ( 3 ): 82 - 87 .
Wang H , Zhang B J . Experimental study on cavitation jet cleaning of underwater stone cultural relics in situ protection [J]. China Cultural Heritage , 2021 ( 3 ): 82 - 87 . (in Chinese)
王昊 . 石质文物清洗技术研究综述 [J]. 中国文物科学研究 , 2018 ( 1 ): 81 - 88 .
Wang H . Review of cleaning technologies for stone cultural relics [J]. China Cultural Heritage Scientific Research , 2018 ( 1 ): 81 - 88 . (in Chinese)
叶良 , 杨平 . 基于色差原理对石质文物表面污染物清洗效果的评价研究 [J]. 浙江科技学院学报 , 2024 , 36 ( 1 ): 87 - 96 .
Ye L , Yang P . Evaluation studies of cleaning effect of contaminants on stone relics' surface based on principle of color difference [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University of Science and Technology , 2024 , 36 ( 1 ): 87 - 96 . (in Chinese)
石质文物保护修复方案编写规范: WW/T 0007—2007 [S]. 北京 : 文物出版社 , 2008 .
周华 , 高峰 , 王扬 , 等 . 云冈石窟石质文物表面污染物清洗效果检测技术实验 [J]. 文物保护与考古科学 , 2013 , 25 ( 1 ): 15 - 23 .
Zhou H , Gao F , Wang Y , et al . Evaluation of surface cleaning technology for Yunguang Grottos [J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology , 2013 , 25 ( 1 ): 15 - 23 . (in Chinese)
刘仁植 , 张秉坚 , 张润平 . 不可移动石质文物化学清洗的操作工艺 [J]. 文物保护与考古科学 , 2012 , 24 ( 4 ): 86 - 94 .
Liu R Z , Zhang B J , Zhang R P . Research on standard processes of chemical cleaning of stone relics [J]. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology , 2012 , 24 ( 4 ): 86 - 94 . (in Chinese)
赵岗 , 阮方红 , 蒋思维 , 等 . 大足石刻广大山摩崖造像表面油烟清洗研究 [J]. 四川文物 , 2018 ( 2 ): 90 - 96 .
Zhao G , Ruan F H , Jiang S W , et al . Study on soot cleaning of the cliff carvings on Guangda mountain of Dazu rock carvings [J]. Sichuan Cultural Relics , 2018 ( 2 ): 90 - 96 . (in Chinese)
汪涛 . 齐云山摩崖石刻保护 [M]. 杭州 : 西泠印社出版社 , 2016 : 63 - 66 .
柏红英 , 金普军 , 付倩丽 , 等 . 蒲江石窟上油烟污物的分析研究及其清洗对策 [J]. 人类文化遗产保护 , 2011 ( 1 ): 86 - 89 .
Bai H Y , Jin P J , Fu Q L , et al . Analysis and cleaning method of the obstinate filth of Oils and smokes on the surface of Pujiang cliff [J]. Human Culture Heritage Preservation , 2011 ( 1 ): 86 - 89 . (in Chinese)
韩明 , 郭建波 . 石窟造像重妆现象研究 [J]. 石窟寺研究 , 2025 ( 1 ): 244 - 256 .
Han M , Guo J B . An analysis on the issues of repainted sculptures in grottoes [J]. Studies of the Cave Temples , 2025 ( 1 ): 244 - 256 . (in Chinese)
张孜江 , 刘宇 , 韦荃 . 四川地区石窟寺造像表面油饰妆彩的调查与研究 [J]. 文博 , 2023 ( 6 ): 85 - 90 .
Zhang Z J , Liu Y , Wei Q . Investigation and research of oil decoration on the surface of grotto temples and stone carvings in the Sichuan Region [J]. Relics and Museolgy , 2023 ( 6 ): 85 - 90 . (in Chinese)
魏忠武 , 张秉坚 . 漆涂层对题刻类石质文物的影响研究 [J]. 石材 , 2022 ( 4 ): 19 - 25 .
Wei Z W , Zhang B J . Study on the influence of lacquer coating on inscribed stone cultural relics [J]. Stone , 2022 ( 4 ): 19 - 25 . (in Chinese)
张孜江 , 刘宇 , 韦荃 . 一种用于去除石质文物表面油漆的清洗剂及使用方法 : 中国 , CN116333524A [P ]. 2023-06-27 .
Zhang Z J , Liu Y , Wei Q . Cleaning agent for removing paint from stone cultural relics and its application method : China , CN116333524A [P]. 2023-06-27 . (in Chinese)
何静 . 浅谈去除石质文物表面涂鸦的几种方法 [J]. 石材 , 2016 ( 6 ): 27 - 30 .
He J . A brief study on methods for removing graffiti from stone cultural relics [J]. Stone , 2016 ( 6 ): 27 - 30 . (in Chinese)
Jia Y , Zhang L , Tan K , et al . A new deep eutectic solvent-based green gel for the removal of polymeric coating from mural painting [J]. Journal of Cultural Heritage , 2025 , 71 ( 0 ): 51 - 60 .
Rúa C , Sepúlveda M , Gutiérrez S , et al . Raman identification of pigments in wall paintings of the colonial period from Bolivian churches in the Ruta De La Plata [J]. Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage , 2018 , 17 ( 1 ): 117 - 137 .
崔春芳 , 项哲学 . 化工产品手册-颜料 [M]. 6版 . 北京 : 化学工业出版社 , 2016 : 293 - 432 .
0
浏览量
2
下载量
0
CSCD
关联资源
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构
苏公网安备32010202012147号
